Chapter 3: Plant Kingdom Introduction Classification of Kingdom Plantae : Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms commonly known as plants. Primarily, they are autotrophic and use photosynthesis to obtain energy. They exhibit alternation of generations with distinct gametophytic and sporophytic stages. Classification Systems Artificial Classification System : Based on superficial, morphological characteristics like habit, color, and number of leaves. Example: Linnaeus's classification. Natural Classification System : Considers natural affinities and includes various internal features like anatomy, embryology, and phytochemistry. Example: Bentham and Hooker’s classification of flowering plants. Phylogenetic Classification System : Based on evolutionary relationships, aiming to classify plants based on common ancestry. Modern classifications use phylogenetic data from multiple sources, including cytotaxonomy (cell features), chemotaxonomy (chemical ...
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