CLASS ELEVEN BIOLOGY CHAPTER 2 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION QUESTIONNAIRE PART 5
CLASS ELEVEN BIOLOGY CHAPTER 2 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION QUESTIONNAIRE FOR TESTS AND REVISION.
PART 5
1. Why are Deuteromycetes commonly known as imperfect fungi?
a. Deuteromycetes are called imperfect fungi because only their asexual or vegetative phases were known for a long time. Their sexual stages were not observed or understood until later discoveries.
2. How were Deuteromycetes classified before the discovery of their sexual forms?
a. Before the discovery of their sexual forms, Deuteromycetes were classified based on their asexual or vegetative stages alone, often under one name. Their true classification into Ascomycetes or Basidiomycetes occurred once their sexual stages were identified.
3. What is the significance of conidia in the reproduction of Deuteromycetes?
a. Deuteromycetes reproduce exclusively by asexual spores called conidia. These conidia are dispersed to new environments where they germinate to form new mycelium.
4. Describe the mycelium of Deuteromycetes.
a. The mycelium of Deuteromycetes is septate and branched. Septate means it has cross walls (septa) that divide the hyphae into compartments containing nuclei.
5. What are the ecological roles of Deuteromycetes in nature?
a. Deuteromycetes play roles as saprophytes, parasites, and decomposers of litter. They contribute to mineral cycling by breaking down organic matter into simpler forms that are recycled in ecosystems.
6. Provide examples of Deuteromycetes and their roles in agriculture or ecology.
a. Examples include Alternaria, which causes plant diseases, Colletotrichum, known for causing anthracnose in plants, and Trichoderma, used in biocontrol and as a decomposer in soil.
7. How did the discovery of sexual stages affect the classification of Deuteromycetes?
a. Once the sexual stages of Deuteromycetes were discovered, many species were reclassified into their respective groups, such as Ascomycetes or Basidiomycetes, based on their true reproductive structures.
8. What challenges did early classification systems face due to Deuteromycetes?
a. Early classification systems faced challenges in accurately categorizing Deuteromycetes because their sexual stages were often unknown or misunderstood, leading to incorrect placements in taxonomic groups.
9. How do Deuteromycetes contribute to the breakdown of organic matter in ecosystems?
a. Deuteromycetes, as decomposers, break down complex organic compounds in dead plant material, contributing to nutrient cycling and the release of essential elements back into the soil.
10. Discuss the importance of Deuteromycetes in biotechnology and pharmaceutical research.
a. Deuteromycetes like Trichoderma are used in biotechnology for their ability to produce enzymes and antibiotics. They are also studied for potential applications in medicine and industry.
11. Compare the reproductive strategies of Deuteromycetes with those of Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes.
a. Deuteromycetes reproduce only asexually by conidia, whereas Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes have both sexual and asexual reproductive stages involving spores like basidiospores and ascospores, respectively.
12. How do environmental conditions influence the growth and reproduction of Deuteromycetes?
a. Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and nutrient availability influence the growth, sporulation, and distribution of Deuteromycetes in natural and agricultural ecosystems.
13. Explain the concept of imperfect fungi and its historical context in mycology.
a. Imperfect fungi, historically known as Deuteromycetes, were fungi whose sexual stages were initially unknown or not well understood. Their classification and understanding evolved as their sexual forms were discovered and studied.
14. What are some challenges in studying and classifying Deuteromycetes in modern mycology?
a. Challenges include identifying and characterizing their sexual stages, understanding their evolutionary relationships, and integrating them into a unified taxonomic framework alongside other fungal groups.
15. How do Deuteromycetes contribute to the decomposition of complex organic materials in soil?
a. Deuteromycetes secrete enzymes that degrade lignin, cellulose, and other complex organic compounds in plant debris, facilitating the recycling of nutrients and carbon in terrestrial ecosystems.
16. What organisms are included in Kingdom Plantae?
a. Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms, commonly referred to as plants. This includes algae, bryophytes (mosses and liverworts), pteridophytes (ferns and fern allies), gymnosperms (conifers and related plants), and angiosperms (flowering plants).
17. How do plants differ from other organisms in terms of cell structure?
a. Plant cells have a eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts for photosynthesis and a cell wall primarily made of cellulose. This distinguishes them from animals and other organisms.
18. Provide examples of partially heterotrophic plants and explain their adaptations.
a. Examples include insectivorous plants like bladderwort and Venus flytrap, which capture and digest insects for nutrients, and parasites like Cuscuta, which obtain nutrients from host plants. These plants have evolved specialized structures and mechanisms for heterotrophic feeding.
19. What is the alternation of generations in the life cycle of plants?
a. The life cycle of plants involves two distinct phases: the diploid sporophytic phase and the haploid gametophytic phase. These phases alternate with each other, with each phase giving rise to the other through specialized reproductive processes.
20. Describe the sporophytic phase in the life cycle of plants.
a. The sporophytic phase is diploid (2n) and produces haploid spores through meiosis. These spores develop into the gametophytic phase of the plant.
21. What characterizes the gametophytic phase in the life cycle of plants?
a. The gametophytic phase is haploid (n) and produces gametes (eggs and sperm) through mitosis. Fertilization of these gametes results in the formation of a diploid zygote, which develops into the sporophytic phase.
22. How do the lengths of haploid and diploid phases vary among different plant groups?
a. The lengths of the haploid and diploid phases, as well as their independence or dependence on each other, vary among different groups of plants. Some plants have dominant sporophytic phases (e.g., most flowering plants), while others have dominant gametophytic phases (e.g., mosses).
23. Provide examples of plants with prominent sporophytic phases.
a. Examples include most angiosperms (flowering plants), where the sporophyte is the dominant phase of the life cycle. The sporophyte produces flowers, seeds, and fruits.
24. Discuss the significance of chloroplasts in plant cells.
a. Chloroplasts are organelles that contain chlorophyll and other pigments responsible for photosynthesis. They capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy, producing glucose and oxygen, which are essential for plant growth and survival.
25. How do algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms differ within Kingdom Plantae?
a. Algae are primarily aquatic, simple plants, while bryophytes are non-vascular plants like mosses. Pteridophytes include ferns and fern allies, which reproduce via spores. Gymnosperms are seed-producing plants like conifers, and angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within fruits.
26. Explain the role of cellulose in plant cell walls.
a. Cellulose provides structural support and rigidity to plant cell walls. It maintains cell shape and protects against mechanical stress, while allowing water and nutrients to pass through.
27. How do insectivorous plants obtain nutrients, and what adaptations facilitate this process?
a. Insectivorous plants like bladderwort and Venus flytrap capture and digest insects to supplement their nutrient requirements, especially nitrogen. They have specialized traps or structures that lure, capture, and digest insects through enzymatic action.
28. What ecological roles do parasites like Cuscuta play in plant communities?
a. Parasitic plants like Cuscuta obtain nutrients from host plants by attaching to their vascular systems. They can negatively impact host plants by reducing their growth and reproductive success, making them significant in ecological interactions.
29. How do the reproductive strategies of plants contribute to their evolutionary success?
a. Plants have evolved diverse reproductive strategies, including alternation of generations, seed production, and flowering, which enhance their adaptability to different environments and increase their chances of survival and reproduction.
30. Discuss the economic and ecological importance of Kingdom Plantae.
a. Kingdom Plantae provides essential ecosystem services such as oxygen production, carbon sequestration, soil stabilization, and habitat creation. Economically, plants provide food, fiber, fuel, medicines, and raw materials for industries worldwide.
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